Life Safety Benefits

• Clarke F. 1997. Life safety benefits of BFRs in the U.S.
  
• Babrauskas et al. 1988. Fire hazard comparison of fire-retarded and on-fire-retarded products. NBS Special Publication SP749. Gaithersburg, MD USA. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
  

Analysis of brominated dioxins and furans

• GfA Gesellschaft fur Arbeitsplatz- und Umweltanalytik mbH. 1999 “Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and PBDD/Fs during the recycling of high impact polystyrene containing decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony oxide”
  

The data demonstrate that under the conditions employed a typical HIPS/Sb2O3/DecaBDE plastic can be recycledat least 5 consecutive times without debromination of the flame retardant DecaBDE to lower brominated diphenyl ethers and fully maintaining the plastics fire safety. The reprocessed (recycled) plastic was found to fully comply with the German Chemicals Banning Ordinance on the formation of PBDD/Fs.

Abstract:
A high impact polystyrene (HIPS) plastic, flame retarded with decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) and antimony trioxide has been repeatedly processed and the amount of debromination of the flame retardant and possible formation of PBDD/F was monitored […]. The amount of PBDD/F formed during processing of plastic/FR combinations strongly depends on the processing conditions, namely the processing temperature and the purity of the flame retardant. The conditions employed in this study represent conditions typically used for the processing of HIPS/Sb2O3/DecaBDE formulations.

• Pinkerton et al. 1989. A preliminary report on the investigation of the comparative toxicity of combustion products of high impact polystyrene with and without decabromodiphenyl oxide/antimony trioxide as a flame retardant using 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,78-tetrabromodibenzofuran as positive controls. Chemosphere 1-6:1243-9
  
• Hardy et al. 1990. 2,3,7,8-Tetrabromodibenzofurn (TBDF): 4 week subchronic study in the rat. Organohalgoen Compounds 1:313-6
  
• Ivens et al. 1993. Subchronic toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicology 83(1-3):181-201
  
• Ranken et al. 1994. Definitive study of the determination of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans in decabromodiphenyl oxide and tetrabromobisphenol A. Bull Soc Chim Belg. 103(5-6):219-33 [European Section].
  
• PBDD/F in a commercial polymer extrusion facility. 1988. Reported in WHO 1994.
  
• McAllister et al. 1990. Analysis of polymers containing brominated dipenyl ethers as flame retardants after molding under various conditions. Chemosphere 20(10-12):1537-41.
  
• Tondeur et al. 1990. Analytical procedures for the determination of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in tetrabromobisphenol A and 1,4,6-tribromophenol. Organohalogen Compounds 2:373-6.
  

§ Hardy et al. 2003. Industry sponsored research on the potential
health and environmental effects of selected brominated flame retardants.
Environment International 29:793-99.
§ De Boer and Cofino. 2002. Comparative analysis of PBDEs in
Environmental samples.
§ Ariano 2001. Detection of BFRs in environment ? analytical methods.
§ Hardy M. 2000. Distribution of DBDPO in the environment.
Organohalogen Compounds.